This article explores various types of certainty: psychological certainty, rooted in strong personal conviction but susceptible to doubts when faced with counter-evidence; cognitive certainty, representing the highest cognitive state of belief; moral certainty, defined by Descartes as sufficient to guide behavior and decisions related to life; and religious certainty, which involves steadfast defense of religious beliefs.
A key focus of this study is to illuminate the methodological approach that allowed philosopher Al-Ghazzali to achieve truth, cognitive certainty, and religious conviction amidst the division of sects and doctrines. This approach bears resemblance to Descartes’ quest for certainty centuries later. The research aims to provide insights into how these thinkers navigated complex philosophical and religious landscapes to establish frameworks for certainty in different domains of human understanding and belief systems.